BU-301a: Types of Battery Cells

As batteries were beginning to be mass-produced, the jar design changed to the cylindrical format. The large F cell for lanterns was introduced in 1896 and the D cell followed in 1898. With the need for smaller cells, the C cell followed in 1900, and the popular AA was introduced in 1907. See BU-301: Standardizing Batteries into Norms.

Cylindrical Cell

The cylindrical cell continues to be one of the most widely used packaging styles for primary and secondary batteries. The advantages are ease of manufacture and good mechanical stability. The tubular cylinder can withstand high internal pressures without deforming.

Many lithium and nickel-based cylindrical cells include a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) switch. When exposed to excessive current, the normally conductive polymer heats up and becomes resistive, stopping current flow and acting as short circuit protection. Once the short is removed, the PTC cools down and returns to the conductive state.

Most cylindrical cells also feature a pressure relief mechanism, and the simplest design utilizes a membrane seal that ruptures under high pressure. Leakage and dry-out may occur after the membrane breaks. Re-sealable vents with a spring-loaded valve are the preferred design. Some consumer Li-ion cells include the Charge Interrupt Device (CID) that physically and irreversibly disconnect the cell when activated to an unsafe pressure builds up. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a cylindrical cell.

Cross section of a lithium-ion cylindrical cell
Figure 1: Cross section of a lithium-ion cylindrical cell[1]
The cylindrical cell design has good cycling ability, offers a long calendar life and is economical, but is heavy and has low packaging density due to space cavities.

Typical applications for the cylindrical cell are power tools, medical instruments, laptops and e-bikes. To allow variations within a given size, manufacturers use partial cell lengths, such as half and three-quarter formats, and nickel-cadmium provides the largest variety of cell choices. Some spilled over to nickel-metal-hydride, but not to lithium-ion as this chemistry established its own formats. The 18650 illustrated in Figure 2 remains one of the most popular cell packages. Typical applications for the 18650 Li-ion are power tools, medical devices, laptops and e-bikes.

Popular 18650 lithium-ion cell
Figure 2: Popular 18650 lithium-ion cell[2]
The metallic cylinder measure 18mm in diameter and 65mm the length. The larger 26650 cell measures 26mm in diameter.

In 2013, 2.55 billion 18650 cells were produced. Early Energy Cells had 2.2Ah; this was replaced with the 2.8Ah cell. The new cells are now 3.1Ah with an increase to 3.4Ah by 2017. Cell manufacturers are preparing for the 3.9Ah 18650.

The 18650 could well be the most optimized cell; it offers one of the lowest costs per Wh and has good reliability records. As consumers move to the flat designs in smart phones and tablets, the demand for the 18650 is fading and Figure 3 shows the over-supply that is being corrected thanks to the demand of the Tesla electric vehicles that also uses this cell format for now. As of end of 2016, the battery industry fears battery shortages to meet the growing demand for electric vehicles.

Demand and supply of the 18650
Figure 3: Demand and supply of the 18650[3]

The demand for the 18650 would have peaked in 2011 had it not been for new demands in military, medical and drones, including the Tesla electric car. The switch to a flat-design in consumer products and larger format for the electric powertrain will eventually saturate the 18650. A new entry is the 21700.

There are other cylindrical Li-ion formats with dimensions of 20700, 21700 and 22700. Meanwhile, Tesla, Panasonic and Samsung have decided on the 21700 for easy of manufacturing, optimal capacity and other benefits. While the 18650 has a volume of approximately 16cm3 (16ml) with a capacity of around 3000mAh, the 21700 cell has approximately 24cm3 (24ml) with a said capacity of up to 6000mAh, essentially doubling the capacity with a 50% increase in volume. Tesla Motor refers to their company’s new 21700 as the “highest energy density cell that is also the cheapest.” (The 2170 nomenclature Tesla advocates is not totally correct; the last zero of the 21700 model describes a cylindrical cell harmonizing with the IEC standard.)

The larger 26650 cell with a diameter of 26mm does not enjoy the same popularity as the 18650. The 26650 is commonly used in load-leveling systems. A thicker cell is said to be harder to build than a thinner one. Making the cell longer is preferred. There is also a 26700 made by E-One Moli Energy.

Some lead acid systems also borrow the cylindrical design. Known as the Hawker Cyclone, this cell offers improved cell stability, higher discharge currents and better temperature stability compared to the conventional prismatic design. The Hawker Cyclone has its own format.

Even though the cylindrical cell does not fully utilize the space by creating air cavities on side-by-side placement, the 18650 has a higher energy density than a prismatic/pouch Li-ion cell. The 3Ah 18650 delivers 248Ah/kg, whereas a modern pouch cell has about 140Ah/kg. The higher energy density of the cylindrical cell compensates for its less ideal stacking abilities and the empty space can always be used for cooling to improve thermal management.

Cell disintegration cannot always be prevented but propagation can. Cylindrical cells are often spaced apart to stop propagation should one cell take off. Spacing also helps in the thermal management. In addition, a cylindrical design does not change size. In comparison, a 5mm prismatic cell can expand to 8mm with use and allowances must be made.

Button Cell

The button cell, also known as coin cell, enabled compact design in portable devices of the 1980s. Higher voltages were achieved by stacking the cells into a tube. Cordless telephones, medical devices and security wands at airports used these batteries.

Although small and inexpensive to build, the stacked button cell fell out of favor and gave way to more conventional battery formats. A drawback of the button cell is swelling if charged too rapidly. Button cells have no safety vent and can only be charged at a 10- to 16-hour charge; however, newer designs claim rapid charge capability.

Most button cells in use today are non-rechargeable and are found in medical implants, watches, hearing aids, car keys and memory backup. Figure 4 illustrates the button cells with a cross section.

CAUTIONKeep button cells to out of reach of children. Swallowing a cell can cause serious health problems. See BU-703 Health Concerns with Batteries.

Button cells
Figure 4: Button cells provides small size, most are primary for single-cell use[4]

Prismatic Cell

Introduced in the early 1990s, the modern prismatic cell satisfies the demand for thinner sizes. Wrapped in elegant packages resembling a box of chewing gum or a small chocolate bar, prismatic cells make optimal use of space by using the layered approach. Other designs are wound and flattened into a pseudo-prismatic jelly roll. These cells are predominantly found in mobile phones, tablets and low-profile laptops ranging from 800mAh to 4,000mAh. No universal format exists and each manufacturer designs its own.

Prismatic cells are also available in large formats. Packaged in welded aluminum housings, the cells deliver capacities of 20–50Ah and are primarily used for electric powertrains in hybrid and electric vehicles. Figure 5 shows the prismatic cell.

Cross section of a prismatic cell
Figure 5: Cross section of a prismatic cell[5]

The prismatic cell improves space utilization and allows flexible design but it can be more expensive to manufacture, less efficient in thermal management and have a shorter cycle life than the cylindrical design. Allow for some swelling.

The prismatic cell requires a firm enclosure to achieve compression. Some swelling due to gas buildup is normal, and growth allowance must be made; a 5mm (0.2”) cell can grow to 8mm (0.3”) after 500 cycles. Discontinue using the battery if the distortion presses against the battery compartment. Bulging batteries can damage equipment and compromise safety.

Pouch Cell

In 1995, the pouch cell surprised the battery world with a radical new design. Rather than using a metallic cylinder and glass-to-metal electrical feed-through, conductive foil-tabs were welded to the electrodes and brought to the outside in a fully sealed way. Figure 6 illustrates a pouch cell.

The pouch cell
Figure 6: The pouch cell[6]

The pouch cell offers a simple, flexible and lightweight solution to battery design. Some stack pressure is recommended but allowance for swelling must be made. The pouch cells can deliver high load currents but it performs best under light loading conditions and with moderate charging.

The pouch cell makes most efficient use of space and achieves 90–95 percent packaging efficiency, the highest among battery packs. Eliminating the metal enclosure reduces weight, but the cell needs support and allowance to expand in the battery compartment. The pouch packs are used in consumer, military and automotive applications. No standardized pouch cells exist; each manufacturer designs its own.

Pouch packs are commonly Li-polymer. Small cells are popular for portable applications requiring high load currents, such as drones and hobby gadgets. The larger cells in the 40Ah range serve in energy storage systems (ESS) because fewer cells simplify the battery design.

Although easily stackable, provision must be made for swelling. While smaller pouch packs can grow 8–10 percent over 500 cycles, large cells may expand to that size in 5,000 cycles. It is best not to stack pouch cells on top of each other but to lay them flat, side by side or allow extra space in between them. Avoid sharp edges that can stress the pouch cells as they expand.

Extreme swelling is a concern. Users of pouch packs have reported up to 3 percent swelling incidents on a poor batch run. The pressure created can crack the battery cover, and in some cases, break the display and electronic circuit boards. Discontinue using an inflated battery and do not puncture the bloating cell in close proximity to heat or fire. The escaping gases can ignite. Figure 7 shows a swollen pouch cell.

Swollen pouch cell
Figure 7: Swollen pouch cell[2]

Swelling can occur due to gassing. Improvements are being made with newer designs. Large pouch cells designs experience less swelling. The gases contain mainly CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide).

Pouch cells are manufactured by adding a temporary “gasbag” on the side. Gases escape into the gasbag while forming the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during the first charge. The gasbag is cut off and the pack is resealed as part of the finishing process. Forming a solid SEI is key to good formatting practices. Subsequent charges should produce minimal gases, however, gas generation, also known as gassing, cannot be fully avoided. It is caused by electrolyte decomposition as part of usage and aging. Stresses, such as overcharging and overheating promote gassing. Ballooning with normal use often hints to a flawed batch.

The technology has matured and prismatic and pouch cells have the potential for greater capacity than the cylindrical format. Large flat packs serve electric powertrains and Energy Storage System (ESS) with good results. The cost per kWh in the prismatic/pouch cell is still higher than with the 18650 cell but this is changing. Figure 8 compares the price of the cylindrical, prismatic and pouch cells, also known as laminated. Flat-cell designs are getting price competitive and battery experts predict a shift towards these cell formats, especially if the same performance criteria of the cylindrical cell can be met.

Price of Li-ion ($US/Wh)
Figure 8: Price of Li-ion ($US/Wh)[3]

Historically, manufacturing costs of prismatic and pouch formats (laminate) were higher, but they are converging with cellular design. Pricing involves the manufacturing of the bare cells only.

Asian cell manufacturers anticipate cost reductions of the four most common Li-ion cells, which are the 18650, 21700, prismatic and pouch cells. The 21700 promises the largest cost decrease over the years and economical production, reaching price equilibrium with the pouch by 2025 (Figure 9).

Price comparison of Li-ion cell types
Figure 9: Price comparison of Li-ion cell types[7]

Automation enables price equilibrium of the 21700 with the pouch cell in 2025. This does not include packaging where the prismatic and pouch cells have a cost advantages.

Fraunhofer predicts the fastest growth with the 21700 and the pouch cell while the popular 18650 will hold its own. Costs per kWh do not include BMS and packaging. The type cell chosen varies packaging costs as prismatic can easily be stacked; pouch cells may require some compression and cylindrical cells need support systems that create voids. Large packs for electric vehicle also include climate control that adds to cost.

Summary

With the pouch cell, the manufacturer is attempting to simplify cell manufacturing by replicating the packaging of food. Each format has pros and cons as summarized below.

  • Cylindrical cell has high specific energy, good mechanical stability and lends itself to automated manufacturing. Cell design allows added safety features that are not possible with other formats (see BU-304b: Making Lithium-ion Safe); it cycles well, offers a long calendar life and is low cost, but it has less than ideal packaging density. The cylindrical cell is commonly used for portable applications.
  • Prismatic cell are encased in aluminum or steel for stability. Jelly-rolled or stacked, the cell is space-efficient but can be costlier to manufacture than the cylindrical cell. Modern prismatic cells are used in the electric powertrain and energy storage systems.
  • Pouch cell uses laminated architecture in a bag. It is light and cost-effective but exposure to humidity and high temperature can shorten life. Adding a light stack pressure prolongs longevity by preventing delamination. Swelling of 8–10 percent over 500 cycles must be considered with some cell designs. Large cells work best with light loading and moderate charge times. The pouch cell is growing in popularity and serves similar applications to the prismatic cell.

References

[1] Source: Sanyo
[2] Source: Cadex Electronics
[3] Source: Avicenne Energy
[4] Source: Sanyo and Panasonic
[5] Source: Polystor Energy Corporation
[6] Source: A123
[7] Source: Battery Experts Forum

Last Updated: 24-Apr-2019
Batteries In A Portable World
Batteries In A Portable World

The material on Battery University is based on the indispensable new 4th edition of "Batteries in a Portable World - A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers" which is available for order through Amazon.com.

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On August 21, 2019, Amrith Suresh wrote:
Hello Everyone, Which battery would be suitable for Stationary Storage application? A pouch cell work in this case with sufficient cooling or the cyclindrical cells are better. Let's say I'm interested in building a 1MW system. Cheers
On August 3, 2019, Luke wrote:
Does 21700 battery ahave a cid switch like 18650?
On February 8, 2019, richard machin wrote:
what i cannot understand is everybody says how good the 18650 cylindrical cells are yet me and many other ebike users have noticed a dramatic drop in range compared to the old type prismatic cells ,this was confirmed to me by an engineer of an ebike company ,i recently tried to obtain prismatic cells for the ebike i had but couldnt get hold of any so i sold it and bought an old lead acid type ebike instead as these batteries seem to hold the charge for longer.
On November 23, 2018, Arsham Skrenes wrote:
You've written that the 18650 cell is 66 cm3 While the 18650 has a volume of 66cm3 (the common unit is milliliters) and that the 21700 is "97cm3". The last I checked, the formula for the area of a circle is pi*r^2. The volume of a cylinder is then that multiplied by the height. The 18650 cell has a DIAMETER of 18mm not radius. So the formula to convert diameter with units of mm to milliliters is pi*(<diameter-in-mm>/2)^2*<height-in-mm>/1000. Therefore a 18650 is pi*(18/2)^2*65/1000 = 16.5 mL and the 2170 is pi*(21/2)^2*70/1000 = 24.2 mL.
On September 14, 2018, Jessica Ortiz wrote:
I would like to know the characteristics of the materials that are used to pack pouch cells (the polymeric film), especially for the sensitivity to air that electrolytes have.
On May 19, 2018, Abdulhafiz wrote:
I have the information..
On April 16, 2018, Asuquo Eyo wrote:
Good morning, please how can one have cylindrical cell for replacement
On April 6, 2018, Paul Stubbs wrote:
I have a query with Nimh batteries that I use for RC sailing and flying. I never seem to get many uses out of them (less than 50) before they just won't charge at anything more than 0.1A using my LiPro charger. If I charge them at any higher the charger ends early and either a 2200 mAh AA(9.6V or 6.0V) or 850 mAh (6.0V) will only take around 80mA and charge for barely 3 minutes before tripping full. Why do you think this is? I understand from reading the above that if the current is low the delta peak is not clear and so at low charge rates they never stop but can't understand why they won't take a higher charge rate. Batteries usually only last me around 2-3 years charging them maybe 10-15 times a year max and storing them fully charged.
On March 24, 2018, Gabriel wrote:
Hi guys. I am trying to find a supplier for a LiFePO pouch cells 25ahto do my own battery pack but I do not know the way to join one each other. Can you tell me how to do it? Thanks everybody. Gabriel.
On November 8, 2017, dharmveer wrote:
PLZ share pouch cell spcs
On April 26, 2017, Alifah fajri wrote:
Hi Trotter, There has been a steady improvement of 10-11Wh/kg in battery cell energy density every year since 1992, the expect innovation to continue at this historical rate — hitting up to 400Wh/kg by 2025. You can see this in many report. In 2013 I bought 26650 with 2500 mAh, today I can have 18650 with 2500 mAh. So I think it might be possible to make 2170 batteries with 6000 mAh capacity.
On March 3, 2017, Bruce Trotter wrote:
The article states the new 2170(0) batteries will have "up to 6000 mAh". That is an astounding number. What is the source or reference for that number ?
On October 5, 2016, Stephan wrote:
in the article 'BU-301a: Types of Battery Cells' the authour said this:"the 18650 has a higher energy density than a prismatic/pouch Li-ion cell. The 3Ah 18650 delivers 248Wh/kg, whereas a modern pouch cell has about 140Ah/kg" This might be a typo as the energy density is measured in 2 units in the quote.Wh/kg and Ah/kg Which unit is being the correct one? Please notify/reply as soon as possible
On June 3, 2016, omarion billy wrote:
i would like to have more information about cells and manufacturing process because am in the process of making a device which needs allot of power and my electricity supply is unreliable so its about storage and long lasting is there such a battery
On May 26, 2016, Josh wrote:
How much voltage does each laptop battery cell give, And how much current does it give, consider like acer laptop Uganda, kampala
On August 27, 2015, Paul Stubbs wrote:
Great website and I have learned a lot. I use Lipo and Nimh' s in RC flying and RC sailing and get nothing like 500 cycles from either. After a fairly short time both seem to charge OK and seem to achieve 95-98 capacity but are not able to produce the power (voltage or current) similar to newer cells. Is this due to build up of internal resistance and is this a product of incorrect charging or too rapid discharging.. I use an Imax Lipoly generic type charger set to Lipo or Nimh and always balance charge Lipo's at around 1C. Batteries are really cheap now and so I just buy new but it would be nice to know what I can do to make them last longer.
On July 6, 2015, Scott wrote:
Soren, could you be referring to the coin power cells from Varta Microbattery? Rechargeable Lithium coin with patented technology. http://www.varta-microbattery.com/en/products/batteries-cells-configurations/technology/rechargeable/lithium-button-cells/all/technology-description.html
On June 10, 2015, Soren wrote:
Hi All, Does anyone know the name of the manufacture of a new type of rechargable battery. It´s a coin cell battery which is rechargeable but the special thing about it is it´s properties, as it discharges from approx 3.7V to 1.6V and acts differently at 1.6V. To my knowledge there is only one supplier producing this type of battery, but I forgot which ?. Hope someone can help. Thanks in advance Br Soren
On May 4, 2015, Amin Saleem wrote:
Hello everyone I wonder if someone can tell me where can i buy LR416 sized cell cases. Thanks in advance. Regards, Amin
On May 4, 2015, Elphus Masete wrote:
WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OUR OWN LEAD ACID BATTERIES, WE WOULD LIKE TO BRING YOU ONBOARD TO HELP US WITH THE DESIGN SERVICES.
On April 29, 2015, Andrew Input wrote:
What a great article, I wish i had this information sooner. It is a time of scarce resources and environmental crisis, we should not be wasting Lithium batteries by parking them needlessly at 100% charge. Even if convenience is someones only concern - it is inconvenient to have a weak battery when you need it, and an inconvenience replacing it even if the price is trivial, and to most people it ain't that is a fact! Better production standards should require that li-on charging schemes make the best use of our batteries. Phones and laptops can observe how a device is being used and set the top charge level more intelligently. The data indicates li-on batteries will depreciate half as quickly when kept at 85% charge instead of the 100% standard. That is a huge saving already. I found a key on my laptop which I hadn't noticed before which stops it charging despite being plugged in. Now i am aware of this articles information, i will let it sit at lower charge rates, except when I might be able to use its full 7 hour capacity.
On April 9, 2015, Robert Selph wrote:
Your estimate for Tesla's price/kwh is way too high. Tesla's price (at the cell level) is under $200/kwh, and probably more like $150 - $200/kwh. Here's a report from Advanced Automotive batteries that estimates their cost at the cell level to be $180/kwh: https://www.advancedautobat.com/industry-reports/2014-Tesla-report/Extract-from-the-Tesla-battery-report.pdf Here's an article from SAE International that estimates Tesla's cost at under $160/kwh: http://articles.sae.org/12833/ Here's an article referencing an analyst at IEK who was saying 18650 costs were $120 - $200/kwh back in 2012: http://news.cens.com/cens/html/en/news/news_inner_42230.html In 2013, Tesla's CTO J.B. Straubel said that the battery pack in the Tesla makes up "less than a quarter" of the cost of the car in most cases. Here's a good article from InsideEVs that estimates that the cost at the pack level is $238/kwh. The Advanced Automotive Batteries report puts the cost at the cell level at 71% of the cost at the pack level (look at slide 28 in the report). 238 x 0.71 = $169/kwh. Here's the article from InsideEVs: http://insideevs.com/tesla-battery-in-the-model-s-costs-less-than-a-quarter-of-the-car-in-most-cases/ And that's CURRENT prices. The Gigafactory is going to decrease cost at the cell level by at least 30%, which means that the Gen III battery will cost $105 - $140/kwh. Ask Greenwich strategy how they arrived at that estimate. Becauase it looks like they just took the price difference between the 60kwh Tesla and the 85kwh ($10,000 or $400/kwh) and reduced it by 30% to account for the Gigafactory. I hope you're not paying them for these estimates.
On April 1, 2015, waheed wrote:
we are lithium Manufacturer Please let me know if you need any type of lithium battery www.yjbattery.com skype- waheed.z waheed@yjbattery.com
On January 17, 2015, M.Mariasudagar wrote:
i like to know about batteries, because i do simulation work in ECE/POWER ELECTRONICS. Anybody provide a corresponding job for a nominal payment.
On December 5, 2014, David R wrote:
Dear Mir, GlobTek is a world class manufacturer of Li-Ion battery packs and chargers, including a large range of IEC62133, UL 1642 and 2054 certified solutions. We Manufacture battery packs for Medical, Telecom, and mobile device applications for worldwide Fortune 500 companies as well as small manufacturers. Please contact one of our offices nearest to your location. Our website is www.globtek.com Thanks!
On November 6, 2014, Hassan Shabbir wrote:
Dear, I am Hassan Shabbir a Sales Engineer in a Germany. I am working for a company that develops, manufactures and sells Lithium ion batteries and Fuel cells. Our company offers the client specifically adapted solutions for the electricity supply of his products. If someone interested than kindly contact me on my given address. I shall be very thankfull to you. Best Regards: Hassan Shabbir Sales Engineer BE-POWER GmbH, Germany Email:hshabbir@be-power.de Phone: +49 (0) 64 04 -2 05 15-23
On September 10, 2014, Mir wrote:
Sir I am in need of battery with following specifications. If you can help me, i will be very much obliged. 1. 28v output voltage 2. minimum 6ah capacity 3. must be parallel/series combination of li-ion cells 4. weight<1000g 5. rechargeable 6. lifetime > 1.5 year waiting for your reply ! thankyou!
On February 27, 2014, harry potter wrote:
do you use skype? If yes we can also discuss there. - It would be awsome if a discussion of e.g. batteries could be done between different scientist via skype or something else, so that everyone get soon help… i just want to ask something about that battery and explain me how to make it in russia\\ benelmokadem <a href="http://harrypottermoviesinorder.net" rel="dofollow">harry potter movies in order</a> thank you
On February 27, 2014, harry potter wrote:
do you use skype? If yes we can also discuss there. - It would be awsome if a discussion of e.g. batteries could be done between different scientist via skype or something else, so that everyone get soon help… i just want to ask something about that battery and explain me how to make it in russia\\ benelmokadem <a href="http://harrypottermoviesinorder.net" rel="dofollow">harry potter movies in order</a>
On January 7, 2014, Sagar Ganu wrote:
Please let know the standard formula used to calculate 9AH battery's charging time.
On June 7, 2012, sunnyzeng wrote:
by the way, our company website is www.gybattery.com
On March 15, 2012, peter wrote:
Dear Sir, Good day! This is Peter from Changzhou Yufeng Electrical Co., Ltd which specialized in producing 3V lithium button-cell. As to our company ,a brief introduction for your check. 1. Professional Li-MnO2 button cell battery manufacturer since 2000 in China. 2. With over 30 million batteries produced per month and 18 most advanced production lines here, we have taken up 1/3 of the domestic market. 3.We have more than 8 years experience serving abroad customers in North America and Europe. 4.We have got Certificate of RoHS,UL,UN 38.3 for our products. I enclosed our products spec,pls check it. For more information,pls contact me directly. Looking forward to your feedback. Best regards Peter Changzhou Yu Feng Electrical Co.,Ltd. www.henlimax.com Email:peter@czyufeng.com Zhuxiashu Industrial Park, Xilin, Zhonglou District, Changzhou, Jiangsu,China Tel: 0086-519-85019892/85019872 Fax: 0086-519-85019899 
On February 2, 2012, Ming Lai wrote:
I have a dead NiCad battery pack of 6.2 volt, one of the cell is only showing 43mV while the other four shows 1.2 volt. it measures ~1.325"x0.9" for each cell. Would some body kindly tell me what size of NiCad battery that is? So that I can order a replacement pack?? Thanks. (Please send me email on this, thanks)
On December 20, 2011, Donald Nelson wrote:
Good Day Sir/Ma.....Please i will like to know if you have 100 or 200Ah Sealed lead battery 12 Volt....Non Hazardous battery. If so...Kindly Quote me the Price per battery Donald Nelson Donald Enterprise 3117 West-Side Dr Durant Oklahoma 74701 USA
On November 22, 2011, tonyzhou wrote:
Dear friends, I owe your name to network resourse,from which we learnt that you might need battery and charger. this is Tony from WaMa battery,our company manufacture battery (full capacity) and charger for 10 years. wish to be able to service you NI-MH battery CR123A RCR123A 18650 battery series Li-ion button cell Button battery(AG,CR,SR) Prismatic&Polymer; Batteries Alkaline battery(23A,27A,4LR44) Solar mobile phone charger Wind power mobile phone charger Portable power mobile phone charger Your OEM and ODM are available the products have passed ISO, UL,SGS,CE,ROHS certification Thank you &king; regards Email: zrqtmds@yahoo.com Skype: zrqtmds Tony www.wamabattery.com www.globalsources.com/wamabattery.co
On November 14, 2011, Frank John wrote:
Dear Sales, We come across your email and we want to know if you can supply us these items 12Volt 100Ah to 200Ah Sealed lead battery Battery Specifications * Voltage: 12 Volt * Capacity Ampere Hours:100 (@20hr rate) * Dimensions (L x W x H): 12.01" X 6.60" X 9.25" or more * Weight: 65 pounds or more * 12 months of complete warranty and 48 months of pro-rated warranty * Non Hazardous battery. Let us know if you can supply us within 5 business day for delivery. And more also specify the type Credit cards you will be needed for the payment . Your response is most important to us. Thank you. Frank John 0943 W. Tennessee Street Tallahassee,Florida 5530
On September 26, 2011, Bill wrote:
Do you know 2-3 most common pouch cell material suppliers?
On May 1, 2011, Steve Arey wrote:
Can the prismatic pouch pack be recycled? Do you sell these? Thanks,