To compare older and newer battery systems, Cadex tested a large volume of nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride and lithium ion batteries used in portable communication devices. Preparations included an initial charge, followed by a regime of full discharge/charge cycles at a 1C rate. The following tables show the capacity in percent, DC resistance measurement and self-discharge obtained from time to time by reading the capacity loss incurred during a 48-hour rest period. The tests were carried out on the Cadex 7000 Series battery analyzers with a 1C charge and discharge and a 100 percent depth-of-discharge (DoD).
Nickel-cadmium
In terms of life cycling, NiCd is the most enduring battery. Figure 1 illustrates capacity, internal resistance and self-discharge of a 7.2V, 900mA pack with standard NiCd cell. The internal resistance stayed low at 75m and the self-discharge was stable. Due to time constraints, the test was terminated after 2,300 cycles.
This battery receives a grade “A” rating for almost perfect performance in terms of minimal capacity loss when cycling with a 100 percent DoD and rock-solid internal resistance over the entire test. NiCd is the only chemistry that can be ultra-fast charged with little stress. Due to its safe operation, NiCd remains the preferred choice of battery onboard aircraft.
This battery receives an “A” rating for stable capacity, low internal resistance and moderate self-discharge over many cycles. Courtesy of Cadex
The ultra-high-capacity nickel-cadmium offers up to 60 percent higher specific energy compared to the standard version, however, this comes at the expense of reduced cycle life. In Figure 2 we observe a steady drop of capacity during 2,000 cycles, a slight increase in internal resistance and a rise in self-discharge after 1,000 cycles.
This battery offers higher specific energy than the standard version at the expense of reduced cycle life. Courtesy of Cadex
Nickel-metal-hydride
Figure 3 examines NiMH, a battery that offers high specific energy but loses capacity after the 300-cycle mark. There is also a rapid increase in internal resistance after a cycle count of 700 and a rise in self-discharge after 1000 cycles. The test was done on an older generation NiMH.
This battery offers good performance at first but past 300 cycles, the capacity, internal resistance and self-discharge start to increase rapidly. Courtesy of Cadex
Lithium-ion
Figure 4 examines the capacity fade of a modern Li-ion Power Cell at a 2A, 10A, 15A and 20A discharge. Stresses increase with higher load currents, and this also applies to fast charging. (See BU-401a: Ultra-fast charging of Li-ion)
Li-ion manufacturers seldom specify the rise of internal resistance and self-discharge as a function of cycling. Advancements have been made with electrolyte additives that keep the resistance low through most of the battery life. The self-discharge of Li-ion is normally low but it can increase if misused or if exposed to deep discharges.
18650 Power Cell was charged with 2A and discharged at 2, 10, 15 and 20A. The internal resistance and self-discharge are N/A.
Batteries tested in a laboratory tend to provide better results than in the field. Elements of stress in everyday use do not always transfer well into a test laboratory. Aging plays a negligible role in a lab because the batteries are cycled over a period of a few months rather than the expected service life of several years. The temperature is often moderate and the batteries are charged under controlled charging condition and with approved chargers.
The load signature also plays a role as all batteries were discharged with a DC load. Batteries tend to have a lower cycle life if discharged with pulses. (See BU-501: Basics About Discharging) Do not overstress a battery as this will shorten the life. If a battery must repeatedly be loaded at peak currents, choose a pack with increased Ah rating.
References
[1] "IHR18650C-V4-80073" www.molicel.com. n.d. http://www.molicel.com/cn/wp-content/uploads/DM_IHR18650C-V4-80073.pdf.
Last Updated: 22-Oct-2021
Batteries In A Portable World
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On January 6, 2018, Insider wrote:
Never trust a university study or publication.
On September 5, 2017, Phil at PSR Electronics wrote:
In order to measure capacity, the most accurate way is to use a active current controlled load set at a specific discharge rate such as 1C which is the AMP-Hours of the battery. A 1A-HR battery would theoretically discharge its entire charge in one hour if the load is 1Amp ( Constant current controlled active load). If this did occur, that verifies the capacity of that battery pack. The cycle count would be important of course as the capacity degrades with a high count.
On January 15, 2016, lal bahadur singh wrote:
what lithium ion cell cycler is ! and how test cells are tested for capacity and efficiency percentage% determinations of electrodes ! please elaborate !
On January 14, 2016, lal bahadur singh wrote:
IN LITHIUM ION TEST CELLS WHY CAPACITY GOES BEYOND THEORETICAL 372mAh/gm, reducing the efficiency percentage of ANODE ! WHAT EXACTLY HAPPENS ELECTROCHEMICALLY! WHAT ARE THE MAIN FAULTS HAPPENS DURING PRODUCTION OF GRAPHITE POWDER,FABRICATION OF ELECTRODE OR ELECTRLYTE OR COMBINATION OF ALL!
On January 14, 2016, lal bahadur singh wrote:
CAN WE DISCHARGE A LIB at 20A. CAN YOU PLEASE ADVISE WHAT IS BASIS OF SETTING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN A TEST CELL TO UNDERSTAND CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ATEST CELL.
On November 25, 2012, John Dubalja wrote:
Yeah I agree. NiCDs definitely are...
On December 14, 2011, David T. wrote:
I am currently cycling nicad battery packs at the rate of 1C/10C charge/discharge. My tests indicate that the Cycle Performance is effected by rate of discharging and charging. Can Cadex engineers advise under what charge/discharge rate the above Ni-cad curves were obtained. And is there any derating factor that can be applied to the curves for various charge/discharge rates. Look forward to your response. Thank you.
On August 12, 2011, wayne robey wrote:
The article should more precisely indicate the battery under test. For example NiCd cell types include sintered plate, pocket plate and plated fiber. The sintered plate has the highest discharge rate and the plated fiber may the longest cycle life and a high discharge rate.
On May 12, 2011, Mindaugas wrote:
I always feel a lack of the date when the article was published. Therefore, it is complicated to relate to the present situation and understand how the situation could be changed until now.
How calculate of lithium-ion battery life cycle
800/1000/1200 and other